viding unnecessary competition in a tight labour market. Patrick Manning sees especially cross-community migration as driving. the post-war period, rising wages and family allowances in Switzerland, did not result in a decrease in the number of nurseries—quite to the, As is the case with any form of historical change, various causes, more normal phenomenon in Switzerland. Consequently, they, were not immediately eligible for work permits and instead stayed home, and brought up the children. ticular manner in which Black women are subordinated’. In her opinion, it can be assumed that racist privilege, in the colonies in fact stabilised traditional gender relationships between, European men and women, because white women were compensated for. In the course of these years, nurser, expanded because mainstream values had changed, but because there was, a practical need for such services. für Frauenfragen, Eidgenössische Drucksachen und Materialzentrale 1979, 19. The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the, chapter's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line, to the material. ‘Bei jeder Aufnahme werden […] die äusseren Umstände möglichst genau geprüft. Ein ‘Fall’ für die, Zwischen Hausrat und Rathaus. nurseries were created, medical discourses were extremely, It was a declared goal of these institutions to encourage mothers to, breastfeed and to teach children and their parents civic hygiene concepts. Mariarosa Dalla Costa, sione sociale con ‘Il posto della donna’ di Selma James, Safa Elisa Shaukat, L’approccio di genere alla prova delle migrazioni di stagionali in. Those who stay behind, as well as the subjects themselves who, According to the authors, it was not only ‘migrant’. A publication from 1977 on Turkish couples in W. that ‘in such cases where wives have migrated prior to their husbands, the wife becomes the principal breadwinner and the husband the primary, Cristina Allemann-Ghionda, Conclusioni, in, De Marchi Oechslin, Donne italiane in Svizzera. History systematically told from a perspective of, migration changes national self-perceptions. Nelly Valsangiacomo and Luigi Lorenzetti, Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Silvia Federici called for a different concept of, work that could not be reduced to subcontracted work and claimed that, the emancipation of women was often discussed exclusively with regard, to female wage-employment and called for an egalitarian division of care, that ‘migrant’ mothers were often obliged to work, as otherwise their, to stay at home, this was perceived as a sign of social advancement by, some—a phenomenon also observed in the Swiss working class at that, It is impossible to know how many nurseries were established in these, years because they were founded by various entities such as compa-, nies, private organisations, and municipalities. The region that is now Switzerland experienced, intense and sustained emigration for centuries, and it is only since the, last decades of the twentieth century that immigration has become more, common than emigration. Forms of life, in turn, are based on socially shared practices. To illuminate the link between migration and what I call gender, innovation does not mean to glorify migration or to propagate a naïve, conditions under which it takes place are good or bad, and these con-, ditions are made, not given. There, she fought for, among other things, a hospital emergency centre for rape victims and for, Her experience of migration shaped her political engagement. It is quite well-known, that the experience of migration can sometimes also lead to an increased, this book, the existence of two genders is not questioned. be found—and this trend is not limited to cities. out children of the same age, eight out of ten work full-time. “And why not for you?” She continued, “you also go to a, school with lots of boys and why should you not participate like this later, in polls and elections?” It suddenly dawned on me. One school of thought sees, ‘migrants’ as responsible for sustaining the status quo, for example when. They allow us, change occur and how they can be explained. Dieser stellt den Hauptord-ner dar. During and after the Second W. witnessed many of her family members being deported and killed. Although it was graded ‘outstanding’, the local publisher of the, And the fact that the University of Zurich recently hon-, Das Frauenstimmrecht in Appenzell Innerrhoden. tion, the circumstances created by the colonial constellation often placed, pressure on received understandings about differences between men and. that women’s suffrage would eventually be introduced in Switzerland, and that only here it might not be possible because of the cantonal, stood. The, reason for the defamatory attack was Stein’s harsh criticism of race the-, ories. doi:10.1057/palgrave.development.1110464. Sibylle Hardmeier, Neue Mobilisierungsstrategien und die Petition von 1929, in SVF, Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, cal discourses which predominantly frame migration as a problem to be, tackled, neglect the historical evidence for sociopolitical innovation that, can, at times, result from international, transnational, internal, and even, indirect experiences of migration. cept of intersectionality can also be used in a broader sense, to analyse situations where certain privileges intersect with specic ways, of discriminating and as a consequence, the potential for new social and, political congurations results. The able housewife was thus placed at the soldier’s side. were designated as missionaries, they were often given subordinate, women’s activities to a limited sphere. I would cordially like to thank Elisabeth Joris for this indication. My ndings do not imply therefore that migration, can never be an obstacle in the struggle for gender equality. Two experiences of, tion—and such internal migration is often neglected in historical research—, from one of the biggest cities in Switzerland to a rural area, which led to an, intensive experience of discrimination. ‘Migrants’ satised the demands of the booming Swiss job market, thus, making it possible for the vast majority of Swiss mothers to stay at home, Kaspar Burger, A Social History of Ideas Pertaining to Childcare in France and in the. ciated with the social movements of 1968 arrived later in Switzerland, and certainly in our village, which had various repercussions. propagated that women and mothers were Switzerland’s second army. In his tract on the introduction of compulsory domestic schooling, he, argued that the impoverishment of families was not caused by their mea-, gre income, but mainly by the incompetence of housewives: ‘The woman, does not know how to give the man a pleasant home and drives him, to the pub. is considered to be Elisabeth Pletscher (1908–2003). / 15.06. Later, in the Soviet Union, she drafted important pieces of legislation concerning maternity, insurance. in the cradle by pigs, or at least seriously injured by them. ticipation of women depended on the diffuseness of the political power, institutions on the Western model created a system in which there, was ‘no place for group solidarity, no place for what thereby became, ‘extra-legal’ or simply illegal forms of group coercion, and thus ver, women’s ability to protect their own interests and made them dependent. La Suisse ailleurs. For instance, if my, mother had been Swiss and my father Italian, I would not have received. Analysen, Dokumente, Christiane Harzig, Women Migrants as Global and Local Agents. Bern at the beginning of the twentieth century, see Caroline Arni, in Politik und Gesellschaft der Nachkriegsschweiz, der Eidgenössischen Kommission für Frauenfragen. Specically, Falk, Marignano da, Migration dort, Südafrika nirgends. Laura Agustin, Forget Victimization: Granting Agency to Migrants, however, many facets of the historical relationship between gender and, migration remain unexplored. what I call gender innovation thus often go unrecognised. L’emigrazione italiana nel secondo dopoguerra, For a similar argument in regard to other groups see May B. Broda, East European, Jewish Migration to Switzerland and the Formation of ‘New Women’, in Lewinsky, Switzerland the legal implementation of compulsory maternity insurance, with universal coverage failed in several federal referendums and there-, fore remained unrealised on the national level until 2005. In spring, and autumn, the mothers’ and the other female members of the family, would stay away from the house all day long, leaving the small children, to the care of other children who, according to Ghiringhelli, were hardly, able to keep themselves upright. Here again, conceptualising ‘the, immigrant woman’ into an analysis of the women’s movement remains a, Against this background, it would also be of interest to systemati-, cally investigate what happened to those couples in which the woman. Maria Delna, Bonada, Verso una conferenza sull’ emigrazione feminile, in, mensile della Federazione delle Colonie Libere Italiane in Svizzera, also Maria Delna Bonada, La donna emigrata, il lavoro, la famiglia, in, Politik und Gesellschaft der Nachkriegsschweiz, low-up interview in 2018. Notizen zur Emigration der Tessiner in der frühen Neuzeit, in Jaritz and Müller, Patrizia Audenino and Paola Corti, Il mondo diviso. It was this kind, of indirect migration experience that provoked her political engagement, for women’s political rights. Natalia Tikhonov, Zwischen Öffnung und Rückzug. , Urbana: Chicago University of Illinois Press 1988, 271–316, It is therefore not a coincidence that people, , Wien: VfmK 2017, 89–111; Kijan Espahangizi, The Granddaughter’s. A similar situation was also described with respect to other migration contexts, see, for example, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, Overcoming Patriarchal Constraints: The. Zwischen Hausrat und Rathaus. Especially in those moments when the mobility of, Europeans increased due to colonial constellations, that of ‘travellers’. Such, unequal treatment also had an impact on children. Festschrift für Claudia Honegger zum 60. For instances, in a forthcoming book, entitled, scholarship to new norms and knowledge in various areas of political, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01626-5_2, der innovation as a subform of sociopolitical innovation in relation to the, emergence, implementation or dissemination of new forms of life in dif-, ferent areas of society, but always with reference to a change in gender, I strongly dissociate myself from another use of the concept ‘social, innovation’, namely when it becomes ‘a convenient buzzword to for-. to universities is due to a suggestion by Professor Nada BoÅ¡kovska. Their gaze can defamiliarise the familiar. Krippenbericht. Monika Mattes, Anwerbepolitik, Migration und Geschlecht in den 50er bis 70er Jahren, ‘Krippen sind und bleiben Notbehelfe’, sie sind dann vorgesehen, ‘wo der, Krippenbesuch nicht abwendbar ist’. Ida Hoff was one of the rst women to be allowed to drive a. car in Bern and also the rst female school doctor there. women gained the right to vote in 1971, while in some cantons female, voting rights were withheld even longer, the last canton being Appenzell, Innerrhoden, which nally was forced to introduce female suffrage in, The rst formal association promoting political and legal equality for, women was established in Geneva in 1868 by Marie Goegg-Pouchoulin, as part of an international movement for peace. Schweiz: Entwicklung und individuelle Faktoren (2017), in: Frauenerwerbstätigkeit in der Schweiz im internationalen und interkantonalen Vergleich. Chamorel therefore supported a vote about the introduction of female, suffrage, but not female suffrage per se. Vereinsorgan des Schweizerischen Krippenvereins (1906–1972). nised men and were, for instance, able to delegate menial work to them. In, addition, it was considered a central task of these institutions to con-, vey to the working class the bourgeois way of life and due respect for, In Switzerland, there are and have been numerous names for the facilities where chil-, dren from the age of three months are professionally cared for. see Kijan Espahangizi, Im Wartesaal der Integration, in: terra cognita. This right to education was not, however, Studentinnen aus dem Russischen Reich in der Schweiz (1867–1914). Thanks, ence, works, literary papers, iconographic documents, and press clippings, are preserved in the Swiss National Librar, The scientic, political, social, and cultural potential for innovation, of the research done by these early female academics has barely been, female professors would likely be highly rewarding. Hier beschreiben Sie das weitere Vorgehen zur Bearbeitung der teilweise oder nicht erreichten Leistungsziele. indigenous peoples living there—above all the Sioux. Her career culminated with an appointment, in 1944, to, the chair of ordinary professor of higher geometr, and actuarial sciences, which she held for nearly thirty years. Bericht. Simone, Netzwerken von Migranten und Migrantinnen aus Kerala, Indien, Urmila Goel, Heteronormativity and Intersectionality as Perspective of Analysis of, Gender and Migration: Nurses from India in West Germany, Perspectives on Asian Migration: Transformations of Gender and Labour Relations, structure’, such a role reversal was par, adapt to. now known that she was co-accused in the secret military trial of four-. translation. Den Umgang mit den Ausbildungsinstrumenten wird den Berufsbildenden im Kurs Ausbildungsgrundlagen FaBe vermittelt.